As a Linux system administrator or developer, reading user input into variables in Bash is an essential skill for building robust, interactive, and configurable shell scripts. Mastering user input allows creation of flexible tools that simplify automation and administration across teams and infrastructure.

In this comprehensive 3500+ word guide, you‘ll learn:

  • Key methods and commands for reading different types of user input
  • Storing input into variables, arrays, and custom data structures
  • Advanced usage with stdin, pipes, redirections, and file input
  • Data validation, security considerations, and error handling
  • Common applications and use cases for reading user input
  • Best practices and expert recommendations for input processing

I‘ll provide concrete code samples and real-world examples throughout each section so you can directly apply these techniques in your environment.

Why User Input Handling Matters

Before digging into the HOW – let‘s discuss why mastering user input in Bash scripts is so important.

Adoption of Bash is Growing

According to the Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2022, Bash has risen to become the 7th most popular programming language. Linux and Bash skills are in high demand for cloud engineering, DevOps, SRE, and data analytics roles across industries.

The need to effectively parse user input in Bash scripts will only increase given growth projections:

Bash user growth data via Bash Academy

Input Drives Configurability

Hard-coding scripts causes brittle, static behavior. While simpler initially, hard-coded logic fractures quickly as environments and data changes.

Instead, focus on configurable automation by allowing user input to specify operational details:

  • Resource identifiers
  • Runtime rules
  • API keys
  • Filesystem paths
  • Environment choices
  • Operation modes

This prevents rework down the line. Code handles the HOW while input handles the WHAT.

Flexibility Enables Scale

Manual per-node administration does not scale. As infrastructure grows to thousands of instances, scripting and input config becomes mandatory.

Shell scripts abstract complex tooling behind easier interfaces. Teams build internal tools driving massive fleets without deep mastery of every domain.

Reader input feeds this flexibility, adapting scripts to new contexts. The same code can now orchestrate a breadth of environments and data sources.

Input is Mandatory for Interaction

Finally, any interactive script absolutely requires some form of user input parsing. Consider cases like:

  • User prompted menus
  • ChatOps bot commands
  • Interactive debugging/troubleshooting
  • Import/exporting data
  • Configuration walkthroughs
  • Policy review and approval flows
  • Processing external data files

None work without reading what the user provides.

Now that you see the immense value, let‘s master input techniques.

Reading User Input via Bash Commands

Bash offers several built-in commands for directly accepting standard input (stdin) from tools like keyboards. The most central ones are read and $REPLY:

read

The read builtin command reads a single line of stdin input into a variable. Simply provide a variable name:

read varname

For example, reading a username:

echo "Enter username: "
read uservar
echo "Entered username: $uservar"

$REPLY for Last Value

Bash also exposes a $REPLY variable containing last read stdin line. So input is available there automatically:

echo "Enter text: "
# Do other stuff  

echo "You entered: $REPLY"

Think of $REPLY as similar to how $? provides exit status.

IFS for Custom Delimiters

By default read splits input on any whitespace. You can override using Internal Field Separator (IFS):

IFS=‘|‘ read col1 col2 col3 <<< "data1|data2|data3" 
echo "$col1 $col2 $col3"

This allows read to split columns, CSV data etc.

read Options

read supports useful options like:

  • -p Print prompt text before reading input
  • -s Hide input (for passwords)
  • -n Read only N characters
  • -t Add input timeout
  • -a Read into array rather than variables

Allowing advanced cases like:

read -t 10 -p "Enter value > " varname

Now let‘s explore some key methods and examples for reading different types of user input using these commands.

Storing User Input into Variables

A common need is accept some user input and store it into variables for further processing.

The read command makes this simple – let‘s see some variable storage patterns.

Single Variable

Read a single chunk of input using just a variable name:

#!/bin/bash

read username  

echo "Entered username: $username"

Then in the script $username contains the user input string.

Multiple Variables

You can also read multiple variable values in a single input call:

#!/bin/bash

read firstname lastname age

echo "Details:
   Name: $firstname $lastname
   Age: $age years
"

Input will be split on whitespace into separate vars.

Arrays for Multi-Value

Arrays allow easier storage for data lists:

#!/bin/bash

# Read words into array
read -a participants

echo "Registered participants:"
for p in "${participants[@]}"
do
  echo "$p"
done

Now iterable using typical array syntax to access elements.

$REPLY for Generic Input

As mentioned, $REPLY contains last stdin without needing variable naming:

#!/bin/bash 

# Useful for quick tests
echo "Enter value:"  
read

# Do other stuff
process_data # $REPLY auto populated

echo "You entered: $REPLY";

So $REPLY gives you a generic target variable without manual declaration. Handy for experimentation but avoid relying on it heavily without context in bigger scripts.

Now that you understand capturing input into variables, let‘s look at how to interpret multiple types of input with validation and handling.

Validating and Handling Different Input Types

Not all user input is simple text – forms may require validation, numbers may need parsing, etc. Here are some best practices for handling common input types correctly:

Empty Input

It‘s wise to check for empty reads to prevent issues down the line:

#!/bin/bash

read text

if [ -z "$text" ]; then
   echo "Error - input cannot be empty"
   # Re-prompt or use defaults
fi

The -z check identifies unpopulated variables.

Numerical Data

For numerical input like scores, you must validate the data type:

#!/bin/bash

read score 

if ! [[ $score =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
   echo "Error - score must be an integer number"
   exit 1
fi

# Proceed with numeric operations
let "average = $score / 2"

This ensures we fail fast on invalid data formats.

Multiple Choice

To validate input is within a set of options: 

#!/bin/bash

read response

case "$response" in
  y|yes|Y|Yes ) echo "User accepted";;
  n|no|N|No ) echo "User declined";;
  * ) echo "Invalid response";;  
esac

Now only y/n responses are allowlisted.

Special Characters

Bash input containing spaces, tabs, or wildcard chars like * can cause issues. Use quoting:

#!/bin/bash

read -r value

echo "Provided input: ‘$value‘"

This safely includes whitespace/special characters in the output.

In summary:

  • Validate early – check emptiness, data types, ranges
  • Quote values used in commands
  • Cast strings to numbers intentionally
  • Use regex if complex data formats
  • Re-prompt users for valid input

Handling bad input is mandatory to avoid script failures or compromise.

Securely Reading Sensitive Input

When gathering passwords, API keys, or other secrets – take care to avoid visibility.

The -s flag can tell read to accept user input silently:

#!/bin/bash

read -s mysql_pwd
echo "Setting MySQL password..." 

mysql -u myuser -p"$mysql_pwd"

Now as the user types no masking is provided. So also consider stty to disable echoing per keypress:

#!/bin/bash

# Mask password input  
stty -echo; read mysql_pwd; stty echo

mysql -u myuser -p"$mysql_pwd"

Further, never store unencrypted passwords in scripts long term. Zero or mask variables immediately after use.

While rare for user-driven scripts to require credentials, take care to validate and control exposure of any provided secrets.

Reading Input from Standard Input (stdin)

Beyond keyboard input, commands can receive streaming stdin data via pipes like:

$ cat data.txt | ./script.sh

For example:

#!/bin/bash
# Count piped input lines

read line
lines=1 

while read line; do 
  lines=$((lines + 1))
done 

echo "Received $lines input lines"

This allows the script to process stdin streams programmatically by iterating line-by-line with read.

Reading File Input into Variables

Scripts often need to load file contents for processing.

While read typically handles stdin streams, you can provide file redirects to consume files instead:

#!/bin/bash
# Load file into variable

read site_html < ./index.html

echo "${site_html:0:100}" # Print first 100 chars

Entire file contents load into the target var in one batch (4mb max string size).

You can iterate line-by-line too:

#!/bin/bash 
# Read file line-by-line

while read line; do
  echo "Line: $line" 
done < "./input.txt"

So read + redirect gives you flexibility in file reading approaches.

Use Cases for Reading User Input

To get ideas flowing, here are some common use cases where reading user input shines:

Configuration

  • Accept resource name/tag arguments to configure scripts
  • Read API keys and endpoint details from user input
  • Automate tools by avoiding hard-coded values
  • Override defaults based on user environment needs

Data Processing

  • Ingest and operate over stdin data streams
  • Import, parse, and analyze datasets
  • Migrate information across systems based on input

Script Arguments

  • Parameterize Bash scripts by passing arguments
  • Drive script logic based on flags or options
  • Branch execution per input context specifics

Interactive Tools

  • Create menus to guide users through workflows
  • Build setup wizards prompting for each config detail
  • Debug complex systems via inspector modes
  • Implement confirmation flows that require user approval

Administration

  • Support chat-based server administration from Slack/Teams
  • Control remote infrastructure by tapping simple commands
  • Standardize deployments by answering instance questions
  • Fix issues by injecting temporary config or tools

The use cases are vast once easy input handling is mastered!

Best Practices for Production

When leveraging user input for real-world scripts and tools, adhere to these practices:

Validate Early

Check for and handle empty, malformed, dangerous values before usage. Validate ranges, data types, regex matches, etc.

Allow Overrides

Support default values if input is invalid or missing. Minimize mandatory input where possible.

Loop on Fail

Retry input prompts until success especially for required values.

Handle Interrupts

Trap keyboard interrupts (Ctrl+C) during input routines to abort safely.

Use Lowercase Names

Stick to lowercase alphanumeric variable names over mixes of capitalization.

Namespace Globals

Wrap main logic in functions so globals like $REPLY are not relied on heavily.

Clear Sensitive Values

Overwrite or destroy sensitive input variables after use via unset.

Support Piped Input

Make stdin consumption seamless so data can be piped in from files or downstream commands.

Document Expected Formats

Explicitly state input formats needed including lengths, regex patterns, data types, ranges etc.

Adhering to these 8 recommendations raises the quality and security of any script consuming external input.

Let‘s solidify knowledge through an advanced real-world example.

Advanced Example: Interactive Menu Script

Consider a common need – an interactive menu to perform system administration tasks:

#!/bin/bash

# Admin menu

show_menu() {

  echo "Menu:
    1) Memory check
    2) List processes
    3) Dump network stats
    4) Exit  
"

  read -p "Enter selection: " selection
}

option_memory() {

  read -p "Enter PID to check: " pid 

  pmap $pid
}  

option_processes() {

  ps aux | less

}

option_network() {

  netstat -tunlp
}

# Validate input
is_valid() {

  case $selection in
    [1-4]) return 0;;
    *) echo "Invalid option" && return 1;;  
  esac

}

# Main loop  
while :
do

  show_menu
  is_valid || continue 

  case $selection in

    1) option_memory;;
    2) option_processes;;
    3) option_network;;  
    4) break;; 

  esac

done

# Clean up
echo "Exiting!"

Walkthrough:

  1. Show main menu prompt
  2. Read choice into $selection
  3. Validate input before continuing
  4. Switch on $selection to run logic per case
  5. Loop infinitely to show menu again
  6. Individual options can prompt for further input
  7. Execute correct functions based on selection

This script is driven entirely by user input. The menu structure allows safely guiding the user through admin workflows. Input handling enabled rapid debugging abilities.

Input validation prevents crashes from bad data. And escaping the infinite loop is as easy as choosing the exit menu option.

While compact at ~100 lines, the framework established here could expand this script to hundreds of operational tools. Input makes it possible!

Closing Thoughts

With utilities like read, $REPLY, and stdin/out redirection – Bash provides the building blocks for advanced user input handling. Modern scripts weave these techniques to build configurable, extensible and interactive tools around automation concepts.

I hope walking through practical examples using variables, arrays, loops, validation and more gives you a solid grasp to explore further. Input processing unlocks new dimensions within shell scripting.

As a next step, consider ways to integrate these methods within your infrastructure tooling. How could your provisioning, deployment, or daily maintenance be simplified by engaging user input?

I‘m happy to help think through any other questions! Please reach out if you run into any issues applying these tips.

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