Top 25 Web Scraping Project Ideas in Data Science 2023

Web scraping allows you to extract large volumes of data from websites for analysis and use in applications. The possibilities are endless when you can access data from the web.

In this comprehensive guide, you'll discover 25 amazing project ideas spanning industries like finance, marketing, real estate, transportation, recruitment, entertainment and more.

For each idea, we'll explore the goals and benefits as well as technical steps for implementation. You'll also learn about helpful tools and strategies for effective web scraping.

Introduction to Web Scraping

Web scraping refers to automatically collecting data from the internet. It allows you to harvest unstructured data from websites and transform it into structured, analysis-ready formats.

Instead of manually copying data, web scraping uses software tools to scale data collection. Popular methods include:

HTTP libraries to access website data
HTML/XML parsers to analyze page structure
Headless browsers to render dynamic content
Proxies and rotation to avoid blocks

Web scraping can save massive manual effort. It unlocks data that would be impossible for a human to collect within a reasonable timeframe.

It enables building data pipelines to feed analytics systems, machine learning models and business applications. The use cases are unlimited.

Why Web Scraping is Valuable

Here are some key reasons why web scraping is an essential skill:

• Access public data at scale – The web has vast amounts of public information waiting to be collected and used. Examples include e-commerce sites, listings sites, government portals, social media and more.
• Get insights from text – Unstructured text on sites contains valuable signals. Web scraping enables natural language processing to extract insights.
• Monitor data changes – Websites update frequently. Web scraping allows tracking changes in real time.
• Feed data pipelines – Structured data can power data science and business intelligence systems.
• Build innovative apps – Unique data fuels machine learning and creates opportunities for new applications.

Web Scraping Languages and Tools Overview

Let's briefly understand the key tools used for web scraping:

• Python – The most popular language for scraping due to simple syntax and powerful libraries like BeautifulSoup, Scrapy and Selenium.
• JavaScript – Increasingly used for scraping thanks to NPM packages like puppeteer, cheerio and axios. Offers flexibility.
• Proxies – Rotate proxies during scraping to avoid getting blocked by target sites. Providers like Bright Data offer residential proxies at scale for scraping.
• Headless Browsers – Tools like Puppeteer, Playwright and Selenium run browsers without UI to render dynamic content.
• HTML Parsing – Libraries like Beautiful Soup (Python) and Cheerio (Node.js) analyze HTML/XML content and extract data.
• Scraping Frameworks – Pre-built tools like Scrapy (Python) help quickly create crawlers without needing advanced programming.

These building blocks enable developing scalable and resilient scrapers. Let's now explore project ideas across domains.

1. Build a News Aggregator

People visit multitudes of websites to access news across categories like politics, business, technology, entertainment and local. A news aggregation website offers content from diverse publishers in one place.

For instance, platforms like Flipboard, SmartNews and Feedly allow readers to customize news feeds based on their interests. They use web scraping to collate and deliver content.

Steps to build:

• Identify reputable news websites to scrape like NYTimes, BBC, TechCrunch
• Use HTML parsing libraries to extract articles, metadata and top stories
• Store extracted news content in databases
• Build a searchable interface to discover news by category
• Allow users to customize their news feed with topics, sources and keywords
• Refresh data on a schedule to stay updated

This idea has massive reach and engages users deeply. You can also tune news suggestions using machine learning algorithms.

2. Create a Tech Job Portal

Job portals continue to thrive by connecting employers and candidates. However, generic platforms like Indeed and Monster may not meet specialized needs of technology professionals.

A data-driven portal tailored for tech/IT roles can improve discoverability and recommendation accuracy. Useful features include intelligent matching, chatbots and personalized job alerts.

For instance, recruitment sites like Dice and AngelList's Talent vertical target technologists with custom experience. Relying on focused data helps them service this niche effectively.

Steps to build:

• Identify job listing sites and company career pages to scrape
• Use HTML parsers or headless browsers to extract job postings, skills and other attributes
• Store structured jobs data in search-optimized databases
• Allow Boolean search to find openings by title, skillset, experience etc.
• Implement intelligent models to recommend jobs matched to candidate resumes
• Provide saved search alerts when new relevant jobs are listed
• Suggest skills training to candidates to help them qualify for openings

The specialized value proposition gives this idea an edge. Prior domain knowledge helps enhance platform quality too.

3. Get Price Drop Alerts on Amazon

Amazon boasts millions of products with dynamic pricing. For coveted items, buyers would love notifications when prices drop to desired levels.

A web scraper can continuously track price history for key products. Analyzing trends can forecast future price changes. When thresholds are crossed, browser extensions or mobile alerts can notify users in real time.

For instance, browser extensions like The Camelizer and Keepa rely on data scraping to provide price watching on Amazon. Their millions of users save money through alerts.

Steps to build:

• Build a scraper to extract Amazon product pricing data
• Schedule scraping to run frequently catching price updates
• Store time-series pricing data in databases enabling analysis
• Allow users to specify price drop alert thresholds per product
• Send browser/app notifications when user's alert conditions are met
• Analyze pricing trends to predict future price changes per product

Adding product quality tracking and availability alerts would provide further value.

4. Discover Songs Based on Lyrics

Music apps like Shazam detect songs based on acoustic fingerprinting of audio clips. However, in many cases users only recall song lyrics they heard somewhere.

A smart engine that suggests songs based on matched lyrics can uniquely fill this need. Scraping lyrics data is the first step to enable reverse lyric search.

For instance, Musixmatch's lyrics search capabilities rely on data systematically scraped from across the web. The app sees millions of monthly users eager to identify songs.

Steps to build:

• Scrape song lyrics from public lyrics databases
• Store lyrics, song titles, artists into search databases
• Allow users to enter partial lyric quotes to search
• Implement fuzzy text search to handle incorrect lyrics
• Return possible song matches ranked by lyric similarity scores
• Provide song previews for users to confirm match results

Adding artist images, genre tags and other metadata can improve discovery. Allowing voice lyric search makes applications more accessible.

5. Build the Ultimate Video Game Database

Gaming continues to be a growth industry with millions of enthusiasts. Game discovery remains a challenge with titles spread across platforms like Steam, Epic Games Store, Origin, Uplay etc.

A unified game database helps users search games, view trending titles, check system requirements and more. APIs may lack some of this data which web scraping can unlock.

For instance, SteamDB relies on web scraping to surface Steam data difficult to obtain otherwise. Gamers have come to depend on the popular site.

Steps to build:

• Identify gaming storefronts and forums to scrape data from
• Extract game titles, genres, tags, pricing, ratings and system requirements
• Enrich data by scraping Wikipedia game profiles
• Store data in searchable databases gamers can query
• Analyze data to showcase popular, highly-rated and trending games
• Allow drilling down by platform, genre and system specs

Additional stats like player count, streaming viewership etc. make this more compelling. Social data can inform personalized recommendations too.

6. Get Recipe Ideas from Ingredients

While choosing recipes, most people start with ingredients they already have. An intelligent app that suggests recipe ideas based on available ingredients would offer tremendous utility.

Web scraping helps assemble input data required by such an application. Labelled recipe data linked to ingredient lists can train ML models to provide smart, personalized recommendations.

For instance, tools like SuperCook and MyFridgeFood function based on similar principles. Their innovative value continues attracting home chefs.

Steps to build:

• Assemble dataset of recipes scraped from cooking websites
• Carefully label key metadata – cuisine type, course, dish type etc.
• Extract list of ingredients required for each recipe
• Allow users to input ingredients available to them
• Use ML models to recommend recipe ideas matching user's ingredients
• Continuously scrape new recipes to improve variety over time
• Prioritize simplicity, nutritional balance etc. in recommendations

There is additional potential to link such a tool to grocery delivery platforms via affiliate networks.

7. Assemble an Internet Time Machine

Have you ever wondered what the internet looked like in the past? We rely on resources like the Wayback Machine to let us browse archived versions of websites across decades of development.

Web scraping can further aid creating digital snapshots of the internet over time. Bots can automatically crawl through popular sites and take code snapshots periodically depicting evolution.

The Internet Archive non-profit drives projects like the Wayback Machine storing petabytes of internet history. Their web scraping prowess fuels this ambition.

Steps to build:

• Curate a list of high-profile websites to trace over time
• Write web crawling bots to visit websites and store page code
• Schedule code snapshots to run each month for continuous tracking
• Store website code in timestamped databases to analyze progress
• Build time machine UI where users can select a site and date to view
• Surface UI messaging when no code snapshots exist for a site-date

Open source projects allow volunteers to contribute sites to trace and code to archive. This helps sustain public digital heritage.

8. E-Commerce Price Comparison Tool

Online shopping brings convenience but making the best purchase decisions takes effort. Comparing product prices across e-tailers is important but laborious given inventory volumes.

Web scraping simplifies continuous price monitoring. Consolidated price data coupled with purchasing APIs (like Amazon Product Advertising) enable cost transparency and unlock savings.

For instance, Google Shopping relies on merchant data feeds and web scraping to find the best deals. Despite convenience, their UX falls short leading people to alternatives.

Steps to build:

• Identify e-commerce sites and product categories to track
• Build scrapers to extract pricing data across product catalogs
• Standardize and store product+pricing data in analytics databases
• Surface insights on pricing deltas for identical products
• Implement browser extension allowing easy price comparisons while shopping
• Utilize purchase/affiliate APIs for redirecting checkouts

Additional data like seller rating, return policies etc. further guides purchase decisions.

9. Predict the Next Trending Stock

Stock trading forums like r/WallStreetBets see intense discussions around expected share price movements. Smart analytics around community buzz can surface emerging trends early.

For instance, tools like HypeEquity perform sentiment analysis of social chatter to model investor conviction. This signals shifting attention and predicts trending stocks.

Web scrapers can quickly amass volumes of stock discuss data essential for such analytics. Structured outputs power predictive dashboards used by traders.

Steps to build:

• Inspect forums and groups discussing stocks to scrape
• Use HTML parsers to extract ticker symbols and linked text
• Text processing algorithms extract sentiment signals
• Store ticker+sentiment scores time-series in databases
• Analyze trends to model probability of stock volatility
• Send browser alerts on breakout signals crossed

Consider expanding beyond text content. Network analysis and image scraping enhance ML models in this domain.

10. Real Estate Opportunity Tracker

The real estate market offers big rewards to investors who spot profitable properties early. Location, listing source, descriptions and pricing data contain signals indicative of undervalued deals.

Web scraping provides a scalable way to ingest such listing data. Leveraged in data science pipelines, actionable insights help assess arbitrage potential guiding offers.

For instance, Roofstock relies on large scale MLS listing ingestion. This allows evaluating property flip opportunities for their investor clients.

Steps to build:

• Identify listing aggregators, city registry sites and forums to scrape
• Develop parcel parsers handling variable listing data formats
• Extract key attributes – address, property type, size, listing source etc.
• Enrich data by calculating derived metrics including price/sqft
• Build ML models assessing listing quality, under-pricing potential etc.
• Expose platform recommending top investment properties

Proprietary signals and domain expertise strengthen models assessing real estate viability.

11. IT Salary Tracker

Technology professionals rely on efficient networking, interview practice and negotiation tactics to maximize salaries. Reliable data on compensation ranges by skill, experience level and location informs these activities.

Salary tracking sites scrape job listings across employers to assemble proprietary pay data. Structured insights help tech workers time when to explore new opportunities and advocate promotions aggressively.

For instance, levels.fyi has become the gold standard for tech salary crowdsourcing. Relying on user-contributed reports has proven this approach.

Steps to build:

• Identify high signal tech job boards and company sites to scrape
• Extract compensation and tech skill tags from postings using parsers
• Standardize remuneration bands and job titles for analysis
• Enrich with manually verified salary reports from tech workers
• Expose aggregated, anonymized analytics through BI dashboards
• Send Chrome extension alerts to motivate workers noticing underpayment

Proprietary, honest salary data powers more equitable, balanced workplaces.

12. Influencer Database from YouTube Data

Influencer marketing thrives on authentic partnerships between individuals and brands. Identifying creators best aligned with products requires data-driven matching.

YouTube stat APIs lack some signals needed for influencer filtering. Web scraping unlocks enhanced metadata from channel pages, video titles and viewer comments.

For instance, SocialBook's Chrome extension integrates influencer performance data aiding decisions. Their analytics inform effective, mutually beneficial associations strengthening reach.

Steps to build:

• Crawl YouTube ingesting popular video metadata from homepages and Trending lists
• Visit identified channel pages to scrape sub counts, demographics etc.
• Perform video title + key words analysis indicating content themes
• Scrape + analyze comments using NLP to infer audience personas
• Load influencer data into searchable databases with filtering
• Expose analytics on audience interests and engagement metrics
• Develop API matching creators to sponsor brand based on goals

Ensuring respectful use of data allows building trust crucial in this industry.

13. Long-tail Keyword Scraper for SEO

Generating blog post ideas for SEO gains depends on researching relevant long-tail keywords indicating search intent. Google Autocomplete provides one source flagging rising queries.

A keyword research tool systematically scraping autocomplete phrases saves time over manual analysis. Comparing search volumes for terms provides focus optimizing pages.

For instance, Answer The Public relies on autocomplete mining central to their process unearthing compelling SEO topics. The geotargeted insights attract millions of monthly users.

Steps to build:

• Reverse engineer Google's autocomplete API syntax to customize keyword prompts
• Specify head terms linked to topics and industries to drive long-tail mining
• Programmatically generate URL-based API requests to scrape autocomplete phrases
• Store extracted keyword volumes + search trends data over time
• Expose intuitive UI where users can filter keyword ideas by attributes
• Calculate difficulty scores benchmarking competitiveness opportunity

Ongoing search optimization relies on continuing novel, creative topic curation.

14. Find New Clients by Monitoring Startup Funding

Enterprises constantly seek new customer leads to grow sales pipelines. Startups receiving investment offer prime targets evidenced by their appetite and ability to buy solutions.

Web scraping business intelligence platforms like Crunchbase provides visibility into the vibrant startup ecosystem. Lead generation tools integrate this data to reveal , timely opportunities.

For instance, solutions like Data Monk, Growbots and AppTweak connect digital consumer insights to accelerate outbound revenue development. Quality signals inform effective cadence and targeting.

Steps to build:

• Identify fundraising databases like CrunchBase to scrape new investment data from
• Structured data collection tracking investors, startup profiles and deal specifics
• Append domain signals on tech stack and business model where possible
• Profile accounts identifying
• Expose startup lead dashboard filtering opportunities customizable to business type
• Generate email outreach templates with dynamic startup founder contacts

Delivering warm introductions to promising customers sustains growth.

15. Sentiment Analysis to Know What Users Think of Brands

Public perception held by customers critically impacts brands. Monitoring opinions at scale necessitates scraping user-generated content across social media, review sites and discussion forums.

Extracted text passed through NLP pipelines tags consumer sentiment helping reputation tracking. Data science illuminates how specific products, features and experiences evoke reactions.

For instance, solutions like Awario ingest tens of millions of items daily to help analyze brand presence. Market intelligence aids improving offerings and strategic communication.

Steps to build:

• Identify social media APIs and sites where your brand receives mentions
• Use Scrapy, BeautifulSoup etc. to extract text across sources
• Employ NLP classifiers scoring positive, negative and neutral sentiment
• Track sentiment over time and against milestones like product launches
• Interpret patterns linking shifts to marketing efforts and external events
• Provide executives formatted reports forecasting brand sentiment changes

Sentiment analysis is a versatile tool integral to modern business analytics.

16. Weather Forecasting Model

Weather impacts everyone daily, influencing decisions both critical and casual. While forecasting technology has improved accuracy, most people still primarily rely on free government-run prediction services.

Building the next-generation weather app offers clear value. Web scraping historical meteorological data powers the complex modelling essential for reliable forecasts. Granular predictions catering to precise user needs distinguish solutions.

For instance, ClimaCell's proprietary weather data stack enables precise forecasting fuelling their partnerships. Scraping radar imagery improves predictive infrastructure available for global clients.

Steps to build:

• Identify public data sources providing weather records and imagery
• Scrape multi-year air temperature, precipitation and wind archives
• Ingest real-time sensor observations from weather API platforms
• Train deep learning models on timeseries data to predict local weather
• Expose mobile and web app allowing users to configure forecast points of interest
• Customize UI with data visualizations conveying forecast certainty bands

Further commercial viability relying on this data is attainable providing enterprise analytics services.

17. Track Popular AI Research Papers

Hundreds of novel AI techniques get published yearly across conferences like NeurIPS, AAAI and arxiv.org. Keeping up with influential ideas challenges even academics as scattered accesscreates gaps.

A focused portal to track trending papers saves scientists time. Scraped research metadata also lets the public discover notable work – sage advice for navigating misinformation!

For instance, the Papers With Code dataset powers leaderboards revealing best models for tasks across computer vision, NLP etc. Their benchmarks guide rigorous AI development.

Steps to build:

• Crawl preprint servers and library catalogs extracting paper PDFs and metadata
• Scrape conference homepages for schedules, session details and paper listings
• Convert all accumulated paper PDFs to structured text via OCR
• Apply NLP for tone analysis assessing positive/negative reactions
• Expose search interface to lookup papers by conference, year etc.
• Auto-generate ​​weekly research briefs showcasing trending papers

Frictionless access to science ensures inclusive development and prevents monopolization.

18. Sports Statistics Tracker

Diehard sports fans happily indulge in analyzing player performance stats to determine game splits, possession efficiency and other aspects predictive of victories.

While league websites provide basic numbers, a dedicated platform offers advanced analytics. Web scraping expands horizons gathering obscured metrics from unexpected sources. Granular data unlocks next-level insights unavailable otherwise!

For instance, scraping football highlight clips allows novel computer vision analysis on qualities like position hunger, grit determination etc. Premier League teams now leverage these unique stats for recruitment.

Steps to build:

• Identify sports sites, team blogs + Reddit threads to scrape performance data
• Develop parsers extracting structured tables, text and multimedia stats
• Load all data into cloud data lake architecture built for big data analytics
• Calculate derived metrics interesting for coaching – possession ratio, points per touch etc.
• Expose analytics dashboards to engage fan interests sparking Hot Takes!
• Find creative ways to gather new signals – using computer vision, sensors etc.

Athlete tracking wearables suggest intriguing avenues for differentiation using scraped data.

19. Wine Selection Assistant

With thousands of options across brands, vintages and grapes – choosing wine is overwhelming! Varied terminology perplexes average enthusiasts searching for the perfect bottle tailored to taste based on past wines enjoyed.

A helper app scraping expert reviews and harmonizing opinions aids discovery for all palates. Structured flavor profiles boost ML wine recommendations matching events and meals even on tight budgets.

For instance, Vivino boasts 50M+ users trusting its ratings for assured satisfaction. While biased to pricey labels, their appetite suggests clear mainstream interest exists.

Steps to build:

• Scrape wine catalogues extracting tasting notes + scoring by critics
• Compile master list of wine varieties linking brand alternatives
• Capture price points and food pairings ideas from e-tail sites
• Train classifier estimating whether someone would enjoy a wine profile
• Personalized wine suggestions adjust aligning budget + optimal delight!

Featuring local finds at affordable prices makes wine more welcoming!

20. Population Health Trends from Government Data

Census records and medical reports offer transparent windows revealing shifting conditions of regional populations during times of stability and crisis.

Governments increasingly digitize microdata once locked in dusty archives. Web scraping breaks this open for digital inspection – converting lagging indicators to insight that might inform the future.

For instance, the Our World in Data project led by researchers from the University of Oxford relies on such data collation across disciplines to battle misinformation using storytelling rooted in evidence.

Steps to build:

• Identify agency websites publishing statistical microdata on population metrics
• Write scraping jobs automating downloads of frequently updated records
• Standardize accessed datasets for reconciliation across different schema standards
• Build analytics apps empowering dynamic queries filtered by demography, age etc.
• Surface visual stories highlighting trends to simplify public comprehension

Sharing data for good creates fertile common ground for improving policy.

21. Download Images to Train Computer Vision Models

Computer vision democratization requires academia and industry to collaborate sharing diverse image datasets powering robust models applicable to global contexts.

However, carefully annotated images showing people, objects and scenes representative of multidimensional environments remain scarce, accessible to few. Web scraping here plays a crucial role creating equitable access.

For instance, the COCO dataset project scraped Flickr granting computer vision pioneers precious data aiding foundational models benefiting downstream efforts across organizations. Democratization drove rapid innovation!

Steps to build:

• Explore image aggregators like Flickr and Pixabay checking licensing
• Write scripts continuously sampling public photos based on creator permissions
• Filter images extracting labels and metadata descriptions indicating contents
• Store downloads in tiered access repositories – private, academic, public
  -version control data manifests preventing dataset decay or tampering

Coordinated data gathering and open sharing uplifts all and inspires radical ideas!

22. Language Learning Resource Hub

Language apps promise conversational fluency neglecting valuable cultural immersion. Learners need more authentic material – text, audio, video – capturing nuanced dialect across informal settings.

A niche site curating scraped language snippets from public radio, film, music etc. fills the gap! Scraped multimodal media tagged by difficulty empowers meaningful engagement with native culture beyond textbook vocab.

For instance, Youglish’s Polish pronunciation tool scraped YouTube helping learners master tone and cadence. Reliance on genuine content makes the difference!

Steps to build:

• Survey target language site playlists and podcasts
• Scrape audio + subtitles ingesting colloquial speech
• Classify complexity assessing vocabulary and speed
• Expose immersive language dashboard filtering content
• Feature background articles on cultural concepts

Scraped content keeps material timely, authentic sustaining perpetual improvement after basics Growth depends on relevancy attracting incoming intermediate students.

23. Travel Itinerary Generator

Dreaming up exciting yet feasible travel adventures pose creativity challenges complicated by busy work routines. An assistant proposing systematically optimized routes blending iconic locales with hidden neighborhood gems saves the headache!

The key data asset comparing venues and transport relies on continuously scraped travel blogs and city sites. Structured records feed ML recommendation engines outputting shareable trip plans.

For instance, tools like TripHobo shake up travel planning through AI guidance on points of interest and logistical connections. Itineraries catering to specific interests make unfamiliar destinations more welcoming!

Steps to build:

• Crawl travel guide platforms extracting location reviews + ratings
• Map venue metadata onto latitude/longitude coordinates enabling routing
• Time series transportation data feeds logistic ML predictions
• Price scrape tourism and dining categories for budget filters
• Expose trip builder UI with map previews where users customize pace + priorities

Itinerary automation leaves the inspiration to us while handling the organizing hassle!

24. Volunteer Opportunities Aggregator

Virtual volunteering exploded since 2020 as remote work eroded geographical limitations on contributing skills and leadership regionally and across the globe. New platforms still struggle connecting talent to mission-driven opportunities.

Web scraping helps aggregators consolidate social good roles indexed on scattered sites. Structured listings finally enable skill-based volunteer searches – whether tutoring students in Nigeria or reviewing NGO grant applications in India!

For instance, United Nations Online Volunteering strives bridging web technology prowess with sustainable development programs needing cross-domain digital transformation guidance. Opening pathways guides purpose-driven work.

Steps to build:

• Identify directories on organization sites posting project-based volunteer positions
• Write scripts to regularly extract opportunity details into centralized data store
• Build online portal for volunteers to assess listings by required expertise + availability
• Implement skill taxonomy harmonizing competency levels across regions
• Manage application flows between volunteers and organizations

Wide promotion attracts contributors eager to volunteer technical/non-technical talent!

25. Company Carbon Footprint Tracker

Measuring enterprise emissions is fundamental for benchmarking and guiding corporate decarbonization. However standards for monitoring lack uniformity across sectors and regions enabling selective transparency from boards through official reporting.

Web scraping offers reliable external assessment combating discrepancies introduced by self-reporting and incomplete auditing. Comparing environmental impact of vendors now helps buyers factor sustainability.

For instance, Mozilla's Buyer Ratings dashboard leverages web scraped supplier sustainability signals aiding procurement decisions. Accountability pressures industries improving environmental practices through purchasing power.

Steps to build:

• Identify emissions factor data sources applicable across product and service categories
• Access public financial disclosures to estimate company operational profiles
• Proxy carbon output levels based on spend segmentation, facilities etc.
• Build analytics to compare vendors on emissions reduction over time
• Validate data pipelines against trusted certification sources like B Corps

Broadening transparency introduces environmental considerations to everyday sourcing routines reducing value chain footprint.

Wrapping Up

Those were 25 amazing web scraping project ideas spanning a variety of domains!

The common thread is identifying use cases where external data can provide unique value. Web scraping offers a way to gather such data.

Target websites responsibly ensuring you have permission to scrape data or that the content is public. Use reasonable crawl rates to avoid disruption. Follow site terms of service.

Handle personal data securely to maintain user privacy. Where required, anonymize collected data by removing personally identifiable information.

When implementing scrapers at scale, use tools like proxies and headless browsers to minimize blocking risk. Leverage frameworks like Scrapy to improve resilience and efficiency.